Antimicrobial properties of the skin secretions of frogs
Keywords:
anuran, Southern Africa, frog secretions, antimicrobial peptides, bioprospecting
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance results in increased morbidity and mortality, and increased health-care costs. Therefore the need to develop new classes of antibiotics is indispensable. Antimicrobial peptides are a relatively new class of potential antibiotics which are fast acting, possess broad-spectrum activity and are able to escape many of the currently known mechanisms of drug resistance. They have been shown to be active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses and even cancer cells. However, toxicity to healthy host cells remains a concern and has affected the clinical development of therapeutics based on antimicrobial peptides. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in research focused on antimicrobial peptides from frogs and the challenges in conducting research in this area in southern Africa. An extensive literature review of relevant articles published between 1980 and the present was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Sabinet, Elsevier and GoogleScholar. There has been little research done on anurans from southern Africa which are endemic to the region, and there is therefore a need to focus on this group for the purposes of bioprospecting for potentially new antimicrobial peptide compounds.References
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8. Hancock R, Patrzykat A. Clinical development of cationic antimicrobial peptides: From natural to novel antibiotics. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2002;2:79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605855
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10. Amato I. From ‘hunter magic’, a pharmacopoeia? Science. 1992;258:1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1455225, PMid:1455225
11. Purna Sai K, Neelakanta P, Babu R, Babu M. Investigation on wound healing by using amphibian skin. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995;33:673–676. PMid:8557310
12. Erspamer V, Erspamer GF, Severini C, et al. Pharmacological studies of ‘sapo’ from the frog Phyllomedusa bicolor skin: A drug used by the Peruvian Matses Indians in shamanic hunting practices. Toxicon. 1993;31(9):1099–1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90125-3
13. Le TT. Vietnamese experience in the treatment of burns. Hanoi: Gioi Publishers; 1992.
14. Underhill R. Laboratory anatomy of the frog. 5th ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown; 1988.
15. Passmore N, Carruthers V. South African frogs. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; 1979.
16. Wager V. Frogs of South Africa: Their fascinating life stories. Johannesburg: Delta; 1986.
17. Minkoff E. A laboratory guide to frog anatomy. New York: Pergamon; 1975.
18. Channing A. Amphibians of central and southern Africa. Pretoria: Protea Bookhouse; 2006.
19. Kimbrell DA, Beutler B. The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat Rev Genet. 2001;2(4):256–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35066006, PMid:11283698
20. Barra D, Simmaco M. Amphibian skin: A promising resource for antimicrobial peptides. Tibtech. 1995;13:205–209. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S0167-7799(00)88947-7
21. Tyler MJ, Stone DJM, Bowie JH. A novel method for the release and collection of dermal, glandular secretions from the skin of frogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1992;28(4):199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1056-8719(92)90004-K
22. Nicolas P, Mor A. Peptides as weapons against microorganisms in the chemical defense system of vertebrates. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995;49:277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.001425, PMid:8561461
23. Clarke B. The natural history of amphibian skin secretions, their normal functioning and potential medical applications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1997;72:365–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0006323197005045, PMid:9336100
24. Lazarus L, Attila M. The toad, ugly and venomous, wears yet a precious jewel in his skin. Prog Neurobiol. 1993;41:473–507. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90027-P
25. Zasloff M. Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: Isolation, characterisation of two active forms and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1987;84:5449–5453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.15.5449
26. Chen H, Boman H, Morell J. Synthetic magainin analogues with improved antimicrobial activity. FEBS Lett. 1988;236:462–466. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80077-2
27. Simmaco M, Mangoni M, Boman A, Barra D. Experimental infections in Rana esculenta with Aeromonas hydrophila: A molecular mechanism for the control of the natural flora. Scand J Immunol. 1998;48:357–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00407.x, PMid:9790305
28. Conlon J. The therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides from frog skin. Rev Microbiol. 2004;15:17–25.
29. Che Q, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li J, Xu X, Lai R. A novel antimicrobial peptide from amphibian skin secretions of Odorrana grahami. Peptides. 2008;29(4):529–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.004, PMid:18282640
30. Mangoni ML, Miele R, Renda TG, Barra D, Simmaco M. The synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in the skin of Rana esculenta is stimulated by microorganisms. FASEB J. 2001;15:1431–1432. PMid:11387247
31. Pal T, Abraham B, Sonnevend A, Dimitrov T, John A. Brevinin-1BYa: A naturally occurring peptide from frog skin with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:525–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.01.010, PMid:16713189
32. Conlon JM, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N. Antimicrobial peptides from ranid frogs: Taxonomic and phylogenetic markers and a potential source of new therapeutic agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1696(1):1–14. PMid:14726199
33. Clark D, Durell S, Maloy W, Zasloff M. Ranalexin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) skin, structurally related to the bacterial antibiotic, polymyxin. J Biochem. 1994;269:10849–10855.
34. Gabay JE. Ubiquitous natural antibiotics. Science. 1994;264(5157):373–374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8153623, PMid:8153623
35. Kim JB, Iwamuro S, Knoop FC, Conlon JM. Antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the Japanese mountain brown frog, Rana ornativentris. J Pept Res. 2001;58(5):349–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001. 00947.x, PMid:11892844
36. Isaacson T, Soto A, Iwamuro S, Knoop FC, Conlon JM. Antimicrobial peptides with atypical structural features from the skin of the Japanese brown frog Rana japonica. Peptides. 2002;23(3):419–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00634-9
37. Conlon JM, Sonnevend A, Patel M, et al. A melittin-related peptide from the skin of the Japanese frog, Rana tagoi, with antimicrobial and cytolytic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;306(2):496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00999-9
38. Che Q, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li J, Xu X, Lai R. A novel antimicrobial peptide from amphibian skin secretions of Odorrana grahami. Peptides. 2008;29:529–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.004, PMid:18282640
39. Mor A, Nguyen VH, Delfour A, Migliore-Samour D, Nicolas P. Isolation, amino acid sequence, and synthesis of dermaseptin, a novel antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin. Biochemistry. 1991;30(36):8824–8830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00100a014, PMid:1909573
40. Vouldoukis I, Shai Y, Nicolas P, Mor A. Broad spectrum antibiotic activity of the skin-PYY. FEBS Lett. 1996;380(3):237–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(96)00050-6
41. Basir Y, Floyd C, Dulka J, Knoop F, Conlon J. Multiple antimicrobial peptides and peptides related to bradykinin and neurmedin N isolated from skin secretions of the pickerel frog, Rana palustris. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1543:95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00191-6
42. Mangoni ML, Shai Y. Temporins and their synergism against Gram-negative bacteria and in lipopolysaccharide detoxification. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788(8):1610–1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.021, PMid:19422786
43. Domanov YA, Kinnunen PKJ. Antimicrobial peptides temporins B and L induce formation of tubular lipid protrusions from supported phospholipid bilayers. Biophys J. 2006;91(12):4427–4439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.091702, PMid:16997872, PMCid:1779916
44. Abbassi F, Oury B, Blasco T, et al. Isolation, characterization and molecular cloning of new temporins from the skin of the North African ranid Pelophylax saharica. Peptides. 2008;29(9):1526–1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.05.008, PMid:18584916
45. Marenah L, Flatt PR, Orr DF, Shaw C, Abdel-Wahab YH. Skin secretions of Rana saharica frogs reveal antimicrobial peptides esculentins-1 and -1B and brevinins-1E and -2EC with novel insulin releasing activity. J Endocrinol. 2006;188(1):1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06293, PMid:16394170
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Published
2012-05-16
Section
Review Articles