Molecular phylogeny of Duvenhage virus
Keywords:
Duvenhage virus, South Africa, bats, humans, lyssavirus
Abstract
The Duvenhage virus (DUVV) constitutes one of the 11 species in the Lyssavirus genus and causes fatal rabies encephalitis. The virus is associated with insectivorous bat species and three human cases have been reported, all of which were linked to contact with bats. Few of these isolates have been studied and thus little is known about the phylogeny and epidemiology of this lyssavirus. Until 2007, when an isolate was made from the East African country of Kenya, all isolations of this virus had been from southern Africa. This discovery led to many questions regarding the spread and diversity of this lyssavirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DUVV isolates constitute two different lineages, in which the southern African isolates group together to form one lineage and the more recent isolate from Kenya constitutes a new, second lineage. We found that the new isolate has a genetic variation that has not yet been seen for DUVV. Not only is our lack of knowledge regarding the geographical distribution of this uniquely African virus emphasised, but we have also demonstrated the potential diversity within this genotype.References
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36. Kuzmin IV, Wu X, Tordo N, Rupprecht CE. Complete genomes of Aravan, Khujand, Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses, with special attention to the polymerase gene and non-coding regions. Virus Res. 2008;136:81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.021, PMid:18514350
2. Kuzmin IV, Orciari LA, Yohko TA, et al. Bat lyssaviruses (Aravan and Khujand) from central Asia: Phylogenetic relationships according to the N, P and Ggene sequences. Virus Res. 2003;97:65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00217-X
3. Kuzmin IV, Hughes GJ, Botvinkin AD, Orciari LA, Rupprecht CE. Phylogenetic relationships of Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses within the Lyssavirus genus and suggested quantitative criteria based on the N gene sequence for lyssaviruses genotype definition. Virus Res. 2005;111:28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.008, PMid:15896400
4. Kuzmin IV, Neizgoda M, Franka R, et al. Possible emergence of West Caucasian bat virus in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1887–1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.080750, PMid:19046512, PMCid:2634633
5. Kuzmin IV, Mayer AE, Niezgoda M, et al. Shimoni bat virus, a new representative of the Lyssavirus genus. Virus Res. 2010;149:197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.018, PMid:20138934
6. Badrane H, Bahloul C, Perrin P, Tordo N. Evidence of two Lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. J Virol. 2001;75:3268–3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.7.3268-3276.2001, PMid:11238853, PMCid:114120
7. Fekadu M, Shaddock JH, Sanderlin DW, Smith JS. Efficacy of rabies vaccines against Duvenhage virus isolated from European house bats (Eptesicusserotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses. Vaccine. 1988;6:533–539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(88)90107-7
8. Bahloul C, Jacob Y, Tordo N, Perrin P. DNA-based immunization for exploring the enlargement of immunological cross-reactivity against the lyssaviruses. Vaccine. 1998;16:417–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00204-1
9. Benmansour A, Leblois H, Coulon P. Antigenicity of rabies virus glycoprotein. J Virol. 1991;65:4198–4203. PMid:1712859, PMCid:248855
10. Meredith CD, Rossouw AP, Van Praag Koch H. An unusual case of human rabies thought to be of chiropteran origin. S Afr Med J. 1971;45:767–769. PMid:5106834
11. Van der Merwe M. Bats as vectors of rabies. SAfr J Sci. 1982;78:421–422.
12. Miller-Butterworth CM, Eick G, Jacobs DS, Schoeman MC, Harley EH. Genetic and phenotypic differences between South African long-fingered bats, with global Miniopterine phylogeny. J Mammol. 2005;86:1121–1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A-021R1.1
13. Foggin CM. Rabies and rabies-related viruses in Zimbabwe: Historical, virological and ecological aspects. PhD thesis, Harare, University of Zimbabwe,1988.
14. Bourhy H, Kissi B, Lafon M, Sacramento D, Tordo N. Antigenic and molecular characterization of bat rabies virus in Europe. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:2419–2426. PMid:1401009, PMCid:265516
15. Davis PL, Holmes EC, Larrous F, et al. Phylogeography, population dynamics and molecular evolution of European bat lyssaviruses. J Virol. 2005;79:10487–10497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.16.10487-10497.2005, PMid:16051841, PMCid:1182613
16.Amengual B, Whitby JE, King A, Serra Cobo J, Bourhy H. Evolution of European bat lyssaviruses. J Gen Virol. 1997;78:2319–2328. PMid:9292021
17.Serra-Cobo J, Amengual B, Abellan C, Bourhy H. European bat lyssavirus infection in Spanish bat populations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:413–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0804.010263, PMid:11971777, PMCid:2730232
18.Mackensie JS, Field HE, Guyatt KJ. Managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes) with particular reference to henipaviruses and Australianbat lyssavirus. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94:59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.94.s1.7.x
19.Ghatak S, Banerjee R, Agarwak RK, Kapoor KN. Zoonoses and bats: A look from human health viewpoint. J Comm Dis. 2000;32:40–48. PMid:11129564
20.Guyatt KJ, Twin J, Davis P, et al. A molecular epidemiological study of Australian bat lyssavirus. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:485–496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18652-0, PMid:12560583
21.Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Liebenberg C, et al. Fatal human infection with rabies-related Duvenhage virus, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1965– 1966. PMid:17326954
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23.Markotter W, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE, Nel LH. Phylogeny of Lagos bat virus: Challenge for lyssavirus taxonomy. Virus Res. 2008;135:10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.02.001, PMid:18359532
24.Koprowski H. The mouse inoculation test. In: Meslin FX, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H, editors. Laboratory techniques in rabies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996; p. 80–87.
25.Centers for Disease Control. DFA diagnosis [document on the Internet]. c2008 [cited 2009 July 24]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/Rabies/Professional/Publications/DFA_diagnosis
26. Markotter W, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE. Isolation of Lagos bat virus from water mongoose. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1913–1918. PMid:17326944
27. Hall TA. BioEdit: A user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999;41:95–98.
28.Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting,positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–4680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673, PMid:7984417, PMCid:308517
29.Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetic analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform. 2004;5:150–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/5.2.150, PMid:15260895
30. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;15:111–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581, PMid:7463489
31. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbour-joining method: A new method for constructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4:406–425. PMid:3447015
32. Willoughby RE, Tieves KS, Hoffman GM, et al. Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of a coma. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:2508–2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050382, PMid:15958806
33. Van Thiel P, Van Den Hoek J, Eftimov F, et al. Fatal case of human rabies (Duvenhage virus) from a bat in Kenya: The Netherlands, December 2007. Eurosurveillance. 2008;13:1.
34.Van Thiel PAM, De Bie RMA, Eftimov F, et al. Fatal human rabies due to Duvenhage virus from a bat in Kenya: Failure of treatment with coma-induction,ketamine and antiviral drugs. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(7):e428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000428, PMid:19636367, PMCid:2710506
35.Marston DA, McElhinney LM, Johnson N, et al. Comparative analysis of the full genome sequence of European bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2 with other lyssaviruses and evidence for a conserved transcription termination and polyadenylation motif in the G-L 3’ non translated region. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:1302–1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82692-0, PMid:17374776
36. Kuzmin IV, Wu X, Tordo N, Rupprecht CE. Complete genomes of Aravan, Khujand, Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses, with special attention to the polymerase gene and non-coding regions. Virus Res. 2008;136:81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.021, PMid:18514350
Published
2011-10-14
Section
Research Letters