A review of shaped carbon nanomaterials
Keywords:
carbon nanotubes, carbon spheres, carbon helices, graphene, carbon fibres
Abstract
Materials made of carbon that can be synthesised and characterised at the nano level have become a mainstay in the nanotechnology arena. These carbon materials can have a remarkable range of morphologies. They can have structures that are either hollow or filled and can take many shapes, as evidenced by the well-documented families of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. However, these are but two of the shapes that carbon can form at the nano level. In this review we outline the types of shaped carbons that can be produced by simple synthetic procedures, focusing on spheres, tubes or fibres, and helices. Their mechanisms of formation and uses are also described.References
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3. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature. 1991;354:56–58. doi:10.1038/354056a0
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5. Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, Goodson K, Dai H. Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature. Nano Lett. 2005;6(1):96–100. doi:10.1021/nl052145f , PMid:16402794
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9. Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 2007;6:183–191. doi:10.1038/nmat1849 , PMid:17330084
10. Iijima S, Ichihashi T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature. 1993;363:603–605. doi:10.1038/363603a0
11. De J, Krijn P, Geus JW. Carbon nanofibres: Catalytic synthesis and applications. Catal Rev. 2000;42(4):481–510. doi:10.1081/CR-100101954
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15. Nyamori VO, Nxumalo EN, Coville NJ. The effect of arylferrocene ring substituents on the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Organomet Chem. 2009;694(14):2222–2227. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.02.031
16. Mohlala MS, Liu XY, Robinson JM, Coville NJ. Organometallic precursors for use as catalysts in carbon nanotube synthesis. Organometallics. 2005;24:972–976. doi:10.1021/om049242o
17. Balasubramanian K, Burghard M. Chemically functionalised carbon nanotubes. Small. 2005;1(2):180–192. doi:10.1002/smll.200400118 , PMid:17193428
18. Taylor R. Lecture notes on fullerenes. London: Imperial College Press; 1999. doi:10.1142/9781848160675
19. Nxumalo EN, Nyamori VO, Coville NJ. CVD synthesis of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes using ferrocene/aniline mixtures. J Organomet Chem. 2008;693:2942–2948. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.06.015
20. Endo M, Hayashi T, Kim YA, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS. Applications of carbon nanotubes in the twenty-first century. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A. 2004;362:2223–2238. doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1437 , PMid:15370479
21. Nyamori VO, Coville NJ. Effect of ferrocene/carbon ratio on the size and shape of carbon nanotubes and microspheres. Organometallics. 2007;26:4083–4085. doi:10.1021/om7003628
22. Osváth Z, Koós AA, Horváth ZE, et al. Arc-grown Y-branched carbon nanotubes observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Chem Phys Lett. 2002;365(3–4):338–342. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01483-5
23. Durbach SH, Krause RW, Witcomb MJ, Coville NJ. Synthesis of branched carbon nanotubes (BCNTs) using copper catalysts in a hydrogen-filled DC arc discharger. Carbon. 2009;43:635–644. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.10.037
24. Ebbesen TW, editor. Carbon nanotubes: Preparation and properties. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1997.
25. Tomanek D, Enbody RJ. Science and application of nanotubes. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2000.
26. Bahome MC, Jewell LL, Hildebrandt D, Glasser D, Coville NJ. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over iron catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes. Appl Catal General A. 2005;287:60–67. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2005.03.029
27. Bahome MC, Jewell LL, Padayachy K, et al. Fe:Ru small particle bimetallic catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes for use in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Appl Catal General A. 2007;328:243–251. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2007.06.018
28. Nakayama Y, Akita S. Field-emission device with carbon nanotubes for a flat panel display. Synth Met. 2001;117:207–210. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(00)00365-9
29. Wang QH, Setlur AA, Lauerhaas, JM, Dai JY, Seelig EW, Chang RPH. A nanotube-based field-emission flat panel display. Appl Phys Lett. 1998;72(22):2912–2913. doi:10.1063/1.121493
30. Mordkovich VZ. Carbon nanofibres: A new ultrahigh-strength material for chemical technology. Theor Found Chem Eng. 2003;37(5):429–438. doi:10.1023/A:1026082323244
31. Kroto HW, McKay K. The formation of quasi-icosahedral spiral shell carbon particles. Nature. 1988;331:328–331. doi:10.1038/331328a0
32. Krätschmer W, Fostiropoulos K, Huffman DR. The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of laboratory-produced carbon dust: Evidence for the presence of the CbO molecule. Chem Phys Lett. 1990;170:167–170. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(90)87109-5
33. Guldi DM, Prato M. Excited-state of C60 fullerene derivatives. Acc Chem Res. 2000;33:695–703. doi:10.1021/ar990144m , PMid:11041834
34. Mamo MA, Machado WS, van Otterlo WAL, Coville NJ, Hümmelgen IA. Simple write-once-read-many-times memory device base on carbon spheres-poly(vynilphenol) composite. Organ Electron. In press.
35. Khan SD, Ahmad S. Modelling of C2 to the addition of C60. Nanotechnology. 2006;17:4654–4658. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/18/021
36. Deshmukh AA, Mhlanga SD, Coville NJ. Carbon spheres: A review. Mater Sci Eng R. 2010;70(1–2):1–28. doi:10.1016/j.mser.2010.06.017
37. Fine PM, Cass GR, Simonet BR. Environ Sci Technol. 1999;33:2352–2355. doi:10.1021/es981039v
38. Xia Y, Gates B, Yin Y, Lu Y. Monodispersed colloidal spheres: Old materials with new applications. Adv Mater. 2000;12:693–713. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521- 4095(200005)12:10<693::AID-ADMA693>3.3.CO;2-A
39. Inagaki M. Discussion of the formation of nanometric texture in spherical carbon bodies. Carbon. 1997;31:711–713. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(97)86645-6
40. Serp PH, Feurer R, Kalck PH, Kihn Y, Faria JL, Figueiredo JL. A chemical vapour deposition process for the production of carbon nanospheres. Carbon. 2001;39:621–626. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00324-9
41. Ma Y, Hu Z, Huo K, et al. A practical route to the production of carbon nanocages. Carbon. 2005;43:1667–1672. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2005.02.004
42. Papirer E, Lacroix R, Donnet J-B. Chemical modification and surface properties of carbon blacks. Carbon. 1996;34:1521–1529. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00103 0
43. Xiong H, Moyo M, Rayner MK, Jewell LL, Billing DG, Coville NJ. Autoreduction and catalytic performance of a cobalt Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst supported on nitrogen-doped carbon spheres. ChemCatChem. 2010;2:514–518. doi:10.1002/cctc.200900309
44. Mondal KC, Strydom AM, Tetana Z, et al. Boron doped carbon microspheres. Mater Chem Phys. 2009;114:973–977. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.11.008
45. Lahaye J, Ehrburger-Dolle F. Mechanisms of carbon black formation. Correlation with the morphology of aggregates. Carbon. 1994;32:1319–1324. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)90118-X
46. Wang ZL, Wang ZC. Pairing of pentagonal and heptagonal carbon rings in the growth of nanosize carbon spheres synthesised by a mixed-valent oxide-catalytic carbonization process. J Phys Chem. 1996;100:17725–17731. doi:10.1021/jp962762f
47. Pol SV, Pol VG, Sherman D, Gedanken A. A solvent free process for the generation of strong, conducting carbon spheres by the thermal degradation of waste polyethylene terephthalate. Green Chem. 2009;11:448–451. doi:10.1039/b819494g
48. Donath E, Sukhorukov GB, Caruso F, Davis SA, Mőhwald H. Novel hollow polymer shells by colloid-templated assembly of polyelectrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed. 1998;37(16):2201–2205. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980904)37:16<2201::AID-ANIE2201>3.3.CO;2-5
49. Davis WR, Slawson RJ, Rigby GR. An unusual form of carbon. Nature. 1953;171:756. doi:10.1038/171756a0
50. Motojima S. Development of ceramic microcoils with 3D-herical/spiral structures. J Cer Soc Jpn. 2008;116(9):921–927. doi:10.2109/jcersj2.116.921
51. Lau TK, Lu M, Hui D. Coiled carbon nanotubes: Synthesis and their potential applications in advanced composite structures. Compos Part B Eng. 2006;37:437–448. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.008
52. Kawaguchi M, Nozaki K, Motojima S, Iwanaga H. A growth mechanism of regularly coiled carbon fibres through acetylene pyrolysis. J Cryst Growth. 1992;118:309–313. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(92)90077-V
53. Cheng J-B, Du J-H, Bai S. Growth mechanism of carbon microcoils with changing fibre cross-section shape. New Carbon Mater. 2009;24(4):354–358. doi:10.1016/S1872-5805(08)60057-8
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Published
2011-03-25
Section
Review Articles